Background
There are many types of bicycle road races including a criterium, a team time trial, and an individual time trial. A rider’s chance of success can vary for these contests depending on the type of event, the course, and the rider’s abilities. In an individual time trial, each individual cyclist is expected to ride a fixed course alone, and the winner is the rider who does so in the least amount of time.
An individual rider can produce different levels of power for different lengths of time, and the amount of power and how long a given amount of power a rider can produce varies greatly between riders. A rider’s power curve indicates how long a rider can produce a given amount of power. In other words, for a particular length of time the power curve provides the maximum power a rider can maintain for that given time. Generally, the more power a rider produces, the less time the rider can maintain that power before having to reduce the amount of power and recover. A rider may choose to briefly exceed the limits on their power curve, but the rider then requires extra time at a lower power level to recover. Moreover, a rider’s power output in the past matters, and riders are increasingly fatigued as a race progresses.
Riders are always looking to minimize the time required to cover a given distance. Given a particular rider’s capability according to that rider’s power curve, how should that rider apply power while traversing a given time trial course? Additionally, many types of riders may participate in an individual time trial, such as a time trial specialist, a climber, a sprinter, a rouleur, or a puncheur, and each type of rider has a distinct power curve.
Requirement
Develop a model that can be applied to any type of rider that determines the relationship between the rider’s position on the course and the power the rider applies. Keep in mind that the rider has a limit on the total energy that can be expended over the course, as well as limits that accumulate from past aggressiveness and for exceeding the power curve limits.
Your model development and report should include the following:
As part of your solution, write a two-page rider’s race guidance for a Directeur Sportif of a team. The rider’s race guidance should focus on the results for one rider and one time trial course. It should contain an overview of the directions for the rider. It should also include a broad summary of your model but be appropriate for a Directeur and rider who do not have backgrounds in mathematics.
Your PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:
Note: The MCM Contest has a 25-page limit. All aspects of your submission count toward the 25-page limit (Summary Sheet, Table of Contents, Reference List, and any Appendices). You must cite the sources for your ideas, images, and any other materials used in your report.
Glossary
Criterium: a bicycle race that takes place on a closed course. The length can be specified by a fixed number of laps or the most laps in a predetermined time period.
Directeur Sportif: a team’s director who is responsible for managing the riders and staff, making race decisions, and deciding the team composition for a given race.
Individual Time Trial: an event in which riders traverse a predetermined course one at a time. The riders are not allowed to work together or ride near one another. The time required to traverse the course is recorded for each rider. The lower the time the better the rider’s final placement.
Power Curve: is a visual representation of the maximum power a rider can maintain for a particular length of time.
Glossary of Rider Types
Climber: a rider that specializes in races that have multiple long climbs.
Puncheur: a rider that specializes in races that include many short, steep climbs or many sharp accelerations.
Rouleur: a rider that is a generalist and can do well in races with a wide variety of terrains.
Sprinter: a rider that specializes in producing extremely high power for short periods of time. These riders generally focus on winning at the end of a race or during the intermediate sprints (if a race has intermediate sprints).
Time Trial Specialist: a rider that specializes in the individual time trial events
比赛背景
自行车公路赛有多种类型,包括标准赛、团队计时赛和个人计时赛。根据赛事类型、赛道和车手能力的不同,车手在这些比赛中的胜算也不同。在个人计时赛中,每个自行车手都要单独骑行固定的路线,用时最少者获胜。
每个车手在不同的时间内可以产生不同程度的动力,不同车手的动力大小以及在给定时间内可以产生的动力长短也大不相同。骑手的功率曲线显示了骑手在给定功率下能产生多长时间的功率。换句话说,对于特定的时间长度,功率曲线提供了骑手在该特定时间内所能保持的最大功率。一般来说,骑手产生的功率越大,在不得不降低功率并恢复之前,能保持功率的时间就越短。骑手可以选择短暂超过其功率曲线上的极限,但此时骑手需要额外的时间在较低的功率水平上进行恢复。此外,车手过去的功率输出也很重要,随着比赛的进行,车手会越来越疲劳。
车手们总是希望尽量缩短完成给定距离所需的时间。根据车手的功率曲线,考虑到特定车手的能力,该车手在穿越特定计时赛道时应如何使用功率?此外,许多类型的车手都可能参加个人计时赛,如计时赛专家、爬坡手、冲刺手、rouleur 或 puncheur,每种类型的车手都有独特的动力曲线。
要求
开发一个适用于任何类型骑手的模型,确定骑手在赛道上的位置与骑手所使用的功率之间的关系。请记住,骑手在赛道上所能消耗的总能量是有限制的,同时还有过去的攻击性和超出功率曲线限制所累积的限制。
您的模型开发和报告应包括以下内容:
您的 PDF 解决方案总页数不超过 25 页,其中应包括
注意:MCM 竞赛的页数限制为 25 页。您提交的所有内容(摘要表、目录、参考资料清单和任何附录)均计入 25 页的限制内。您必须注明报告中使用的观点、图片和任何其他材料的来源。
术语
Criterium:在封闭赛道上进行的自行车比赛。长度可以由固定的圈数或预定时间内的最多圈数决定。
运动总监:车队总监,负责管理车手和工作人员,做出比赛决定,并决定特定比赛的车队组成。
个人计时赛:车手逐一通过预定赛道的比赛。车手之间不得相互配合或靠近。每位车手穿越赛道所需的时间都会被记录下来。时间越短,骑手的最终名次就越好。
功率曲线:直观表示骑手在特定时间内所能保持的最大功率。
骑手类型术语表
爬坡手:专门参加有多个长距离爬坡的比赛的车手。
冲刺手(Puncheur):专门从事多短距离陡峭爬坡或多急加速比赛的车手。
Rouleur:通才型车手,能在各种地形的比赛中表现出色。
短跑选手:擅长在短时间内产生极强动力的选手。这些车手通常专注于在比赛末段或中段冲刺时获胜(如果比赛有中段冲刺)。
计时赛专家:专门从事个人计时赛的车手
Background
For centuries, people have constructed dams across rivers and streams to hold back water to create reservoirs as a means of managing water supplies. These reservoirs store water for a variety of uses (e.g., agriculture, industry, residential), provide an area for leisure and recreation (e.g., fishing, boating), assist in preventing downstream flooding, and feed water to turbines that generate electricity. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) is electricity produced by these turbines as they convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
With climate change, the volume of water from sources feeding dams and reservoirs is decreasing in many areas. Consequently, dams may not be able to meet the demands for water in these areas. Additionally, low water flow decreases the amount of electricity generated from hydroelectric plants resulting in disruptions of the power supply in these areas. If the water level in the reservoir behind the dam is low enough, hydroelectric power generation stops.
Natural resource officials in the U.S. states of Arizona (AZ), California (CA), Wyoming (WY), New Mexico (NM), and Colorado (CO) are currently negotiating to determine the best way to manage water usage and electricity production at the Glen Canyon and Hoover dams to address these competing interests. Hundreds of years of previous agreements continue to impact current water management regulations, policies, and practices today. The agreements allocate more water from the Colorado River system than is present in the system. It is likely that the system continues to work because some users do not take their full allocations. If drought conditions continue in the Colorado River basin, the water volume at some point will be insufficient to meet the basic water and generated electricity needs of stakeholders. Consequently, a rational, defensible water allocation plan for current and future water supply conditions is critically important.
Additional Guidance
State natural resources negotiators have asked your team to develop a water allocation plan in their five states (AZ, CA, WY, NM, and CO). These officials assume that recent rainfall shortages and hotter temperatures will persist, causing problems with both supply (water availability) and demand (electricity requirements). They provided the following guidance:
Requirements
In developing your water allocation plan according to the negotiators’ guidance, you should:
Your solution should not utilize or rely on any existing historical agreements or current political powers of organizations or persons in these states but represent your team’s best mathematical solution for the allocation of water in this region.
As part of your solution submission, prepare a one- to two-page article of your findings suitable for publication in Drought and Thirst magazine, a monthly publication for water infrastructure managers in the American Southwest.
Your PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:
Note: The MCM has a 25-page limit. All aspects of your submission count toward the 25-page limit (Summary Sheet, Table of Contents, Reference List, and any Appendices). You must cite the sources for your ideas, images, and any other materials used in your report.
Glossary
Hydroelectric power (hydropower): electricity produced by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
背景介绍
几个世纪以来,人们在河流和溪流上建造水坝,拦蓄水源,形成水库,作为管理供水的一种手段。这些水库储存的水可用于多种用途(如农业、工业、住宅),为休闲和娱乐(如钓鱼、划船)提供场所,帮助防止下游洪水泛滥,并向发电涡轮机供水。水力发电(hydropower)是指这些涡轮机将下落或快速流动的水的势能转化为机械能而产生的电力。
随着气候变化,许多地区向水坝和水库供水的水量正在减少。因此,水坝可能无法满足这些地区的用水需求。此外,低水流量会减少水力发电厂的发电量,导致这些地区的电力供应中断。如果大坝后水库的水位足够低,水力发电就会停止。
美国亚利桑那州(AZ)、加利福尼亚州(CA)、怀俄明州(WY)、新墨西哥州(NM)和科罗拉多州(CO)的自然资源官员目前正在进行谈判,以确定管理格伦峡谷大坝和胡佛大坝用水和发电的最佳方式,从而解决这些相互竞争的利益问题。数百年来的协议一直影响着当前的水资源管理条例、政策和实践。这些协议从科罗拉多河水系分配的水量超过了该水系现有的水量。该系统之所以能够继续运行,很可能是因为一些用户没有取用其全部分配水量。如果科罗拉多河流域的干旱状况持续下去,水量在某些时候将不足以满足利益相关者的基本用水和发电需求。因此,针对当前和未来的供水条件制定合理、可辩解的水量分配计划至关重要。
补充指南
各州自然资源谈判代表要求你们的团队为他们所在的五个州(亚利桑那州、加利福尼亚州、怀俄明州、新墨西哥州和科罗拉多州)制定水资源分配计划。这些官员认为,近期的降雨短缺和气温升高将持续下去,从而导致供应(水供应)和需求(电力需求)两方面的问题。他们提供了以下指导:
格伦峡谷大坝(鲍威尔湖)和胡佛大坝(米德湖)的运行应密切协调,因为格伦峡谷大坝流出的水为胡佛大坝提供了部分输入水。
这两座大坝的系列配置所带来的挑战是如何确定向五个州的农业、工业和居民适当分配水电。
您的解决方案应解决当相关社区的需求达到既定水平,且两个水库的水位达到既定高度(尊重水库水位与水库水量之间的关系)时,应从格伦峡谷大坝和胡佛大坝取用哪些水量的问题。建议多久重新运行一次模型,以考虑供需状况的变化。
要求
在根据谈判人员的指导制定水资源分配计划时,你应该
您的解决方案不应利用或依赖这些州中任何组织或个人的现有历史协议或当前政治权力,而应代表贵团队对该地区水资源分配的最佳数学解决方案。
作为提交解决方案的一部分,请准备一篇一至两页的文章,介绍您的研究结果,适合在《干旱与饥渴》杂志上发表,该杂志是面向美国西南部水利基础设施管理人员的月刊。
您的 PDF 解决方案总页数不超过 25 页,其中应包括
注:《干旱与饥渴》杂志的篇幅限制为 25 页。您提交的所有内容(摘要表、目录、参考资料清单和任何附录)均计入 25 页的限制内。您必须注明报告中使用的观点、图片和任何其他材料的来源。
术语表
水力发电(hydropower):通过涡轮机将下降或快速流动的水的势能转换为机械能而产生的电力。
Background
Market traders buy and sell volatile assets frequently, with a goal to maximize their total return. There is usually a commission for each purchase and sale. Two such assets are gold and bitcoin.
Figure 1: Gold daily prices, U.S. dollars per troy ounce. Source: London Bullion Market Association, 9/11/2021
Figure 2: Bitcoin daily prices, U.S. dollars per bitcoin. Source: NASDAQ, 9/11/2021
Requirement
You have been asked by a trader to develop a model that uses only the past stream of daily prices to date to determine each day if the trader should buy, hold, or sell their assets in their portfolio. You will start with $1000 on 9/11/2016. You will use the five-year trading period, from 9/11/2016 to 9/10/2021. On each trading day, the trader will have a portfolio consisting of cash, gold, and bitcoin [C, G, B] in U.S. dollars, troy ounces, and bitcoins, respectively. The initial state is [1000, 0, 0]. The commission for each transaction (purchase or sale) costs α% of the amount traded. Assume αgold = 1% and αbitcoin = 2%. There is no cost to hold an asset.
Note that bitcoin can be traded every day, but gold is only traded on days the market is open, as reflected in the pricing data files LBMA-GOLD.csv and BCHAIN-MKPRU.csv. Your model should account for this trading schedule. To develop your model, you may only use the data in the two spreadsheets provided: LBMA-GOLD.csv and BCHAIN-MKPRU.csv.
Your PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:
Note: The MCM has a 25-page limit. All aspects of your submission count toward the 25-page limit (Summary Sheet, Table of Contents, Reference List, and any Appendices). You must cite the sources for your ideas, images, and any other materials used in your report.
Attachments
THE TWO DATA FILES PROVIDED CONTAIN THE ONLY DATA YOU SHOULD USE FOR THIS PROBLEM.
Data Descriptions
背景介绍
市场交易员频繁买卖波动较大的资产,目的是最大限度地提高总回报。每次买卖通常都有佣金。黄金和比特币就是这样两种资产。
图 1:黄金日价格,美元/金衡盎司。来源:伦敦金银市场协会 伦敦金银市场协会,9/11/2021
图 2:比特币每日价格,美元/比特币。来源:纳斯达克 纳斯达克,9/11/2021
要求
一位交易者要求您开发一个模型,该模型仅使用过去至今的每日价格流来确定交易者每天是否应该买入、持有或卖出其投资组合中的资产。您将从 2016 年 9 月 11 日的 1000 美元开始。您将使用从 2016 年 9 月 11 日至 2021 年 9 月 10 日的五年交易期。在每个交易日,交易者的投资组合将由现金、黄金和比特币 [C, G, B] 组成,分别以美元、金衡盎司和比特币计价。初始状态为 [1000,0,0]。每次交易(购买或出售)的佣金为交易额的 α%。假设 α黄金 = 1%,α比特币 = 2%。持有资产没有成本。
请注意,比特币可以每天交易,但黄金只在开市当天交易,这反映在定价数据文件 LBMA-GOLD.csv 和 BCHAIN-MKPRU.csv 中。您的模型应考虑到这一交易时间表。在建立模型时,您只能使用所提供的两个电子表格中的数据: LBMA-GOLD.csv 和 BCHAIN-MKPRU.csv。
您的 PDF 解决方案总页数不超过 25 页,其中应包括
注意:材料内容管理模块的页数限制为 25 页。提交材料的所有方面(摘要表、目录、参考资料清单和任何附录)均计入 25 页的限制内。您必须注明报告中使用的观点、图片和任何其他材料的来源。
附件
2022_Problem_C_DATA.zip 所提供的两个数据文件包含您在本问题中应使用的唯一数据。
LBMA-GOLD.csv
BCHAIN-MKPRU.csv
数据说明
LBMA-GOLD.csv
日期: 日期(月-日-年)格式。
美元(下午): 以美元表示的金衡盎司黄金在指定日期的收盘价。
BCHAIN-MKPRU.csv
日期: 日期(月-日-年)格式。
价值: 单个比特币在指定日期的美元价格
Background
Many companies view data as a strategic asset but acknowledge great difficulty deriving value from this asset. Proper management of this precious resource can lead to a competitive advantage. Thus, companies need to establish an integrated data and analytics (D&A) system, where they can guarantee that they have the right people, technologies, and processes in place to manage, manipulate, use, and protect this resource.
Your consulting team develops models that evaluate D&A systems to help company executives make the right decisions pertaining to three key components: people, technologies, and processes. When it comes to D&A, your models provide companies with the ability to measure the D&A system maturity through examination of these three key components. To maximize the potential of their data assets, companies want highly skilled people, relevant technologies, mature processes, and a strong connection between all three components. Your models help companies assess their current state and provide insight into the system changes needed to maximize the potential of their D&A system. Companies use your model(s) to optimize their analytic capabilities, obtain a competitive advantage, and give customers confidence in the company’s ability to manage data.
Intercontinental Cargo Moving (ICM) Corporation operates a large seaport and has hired your team. ICM Corporation wants you to measure the maturity of their current D&A system and provide a solid plan to optimize their D&A capabilities. Using your model, ICM Corporation hopes to instill customer trust and confidence in their data practices.
Requirements
Due to company regulations, ICM Corporation is unable to share specifics about their people, technologies, processes, or data with your team. However, a general description of ICM Corporation’s operations and the types of data that they deal with on a regular basis is included below on page 3. Develop a model to evaluate the D&A system of ICM Corporation. Your model development and report should include the following:
Ultimately, the ICM Corporation cares about customer satisfaction and confidence. Write a one-page letter to ICM Corporation’s customers (the port users) outlining your proposed methods of measurement and instilling confidence in ICM Corporation’s D&A system.
Your PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:
Note: The ICM Contest has a 25-page limit. All aspects of your submission count toward the 25- page limit (Summary Sheet, Table of Contents, Reference List, and any Appendices). You must cite the sources for your ideas, images, and any other materials used in your report.
Glossary
Data and analytics (D&A) system: a complex interconnected system of people, technologies, and processes used to manage data and analytics.
Key performance indicators: a measurement of business performance to understand progress towards an intended goal.
背景
许多公司将数据视为战略资产,但却很难从这一资产中获取价值。对这一宝贵资源的妥善管理可以带来竞争优势。因此,企业需要建立一个集成的数据和分析(D&A)系统,以确保拥有合适的人员、技术和流程来管理、操作、使用和保护这一资源。
您的咨询团队会开发评估 D&A 系统的模型,帮助公司高管就人员、技术和流程这三个关键要素做出正确决策。在数据和分析方面,贵公司的模型通过对这三个关键要素的检查,为公司提供了衡量数据和分析系统成熟度的能力。为了最大限度地发挥数据资产的潜力,企业需要高技能的人才、相关的技术、成熟的流程以及所有三个组成部分之间的紧密联系。贵公司的模型可帮助企业评估其现状,并深入了解最大限度地发挥数据和分析系统潜力所需的系统变革。公司利用你们的模型优化分析能力,获得竞争优势,并让客户对公司的数据管理能力充满信心。
Intercontinental Cargo Moving (ICM) Corporation 经营着一个大型海港,并聘请了您的团队。ICM 公司希望您能评估其当前 D&A 系统的成熟度,并提供优化其 D&A 能力的可靠计划。ICM 公司希望通过您的模型,让客户对他们的数据实践充满信任和信心。
要求
根据公司规定,ICM 公司无法与您的团队分享有关人员、技术、流程或数据的具体信息。不过,下文第 3 页对 ICM 公司的运营情况和定期处理的数据类型进行了概括介绍。开发一个模型来评估 ICM 公司的 D&A 系统。您的模型开发和报告应包括以下内容:
您的 PDF 解决方案总页数不超过 25 页,其中应包括
注意: ICM 竞赛的页数限制为 25 页。您提交的所有内容(摘要表、目录、参考资料列表和任何附录)均计入 25 页的限制内。您必须注明报告中使用的观点、图片和任何其他材料的来源。
术语表
数据与分析 (D&A) 系统:用于管理数据与分析的人员、技术和流程的复杂互联系统。
关键绩效指标:对业务绩效的衡量,用于了解实现预期目标的进展情况。
Background
Climate change presents a massive threat to life as we know it. To mitigate the effects of climate change, we need to take drastic action to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Simply reducing greenhouse gas emissions is not enough. We need to make efforts to enhance our stocks of carbon dioxide sequestered out of the atmosphere by the biosphere or by mechanical means. This process is called carbon sequestration. The biosphere sequesters carbon dioxide in plants (especially large plants like trees), soils, and water environments. Thus, forests are integral to any climate change mitigation effort.
Forests sequester carbon dioxide in living plants and in the products created from their trees including furniture, lumber, plywood, paper, and other wood products. These forest products sequester carbon dioxide for their lifespan. Some products have a short lifespan, while others have a lifespan that may exceed that of the trees from which they are produced. The carbon sequestered in some forest products combined with the carbon sequestered because of the regrowth of younger forests has the potential to allow for more carbon sequestration over time when compared to the carbon sequestration benefits of not cutting forests at all.
At the global level, forest management strategies that include appropriate harvesting can be beneficial for carbon sequestration. However, overharvesting can limit carbon sequestration. Forest managers must find a balance between the value of forest products derived from harvesting and the value of allowing the forest to continue growing and sequestering carbon as living trees. In doing so, they must consider many factors such as age and types of trees, geography, topography, and benefits and lifespan of forest products.
The concerns of forest managers are not limited to carbon sequestration and forest products. They must make forest management decisions based on the many ways their forest is valued. These may include, but are not limited to, potential carbon sequestration, conservation and biodiversity aspects, recreational uses, and cultural considerations.
Requirements
The International Carbon Management (ICM) Collaboration has been formed to develop guidance for forest managers around the world trying to figure out how to utilize and manage their forests. One-size-fits-all guidance is simply not possible as the make-up of forests, climates, populations, interests, and values vary widely around the world.
Develop a carbon sequestration model to determine how much carbon dioxide a forest and its products can be expected to sequester over time. Your model should determine what forest management plan is most effective at sequestering carbon dioxide.
The forest management plan that is best for carbon sequestration is not necessarily the one that is best for society given the other ways that forests are valued. Develop a decision model to inform forest managers of the best use of a forest. Your model should determine a forest management plan that balances the various ways that forests are valued (including carbon sequestration). To better understand your model, consider some of the following questions, as well as questions of your own:
Apply your models to various forests. Identify a forest that your decision model would suggest the inclusion of harvesting in its management plan.
Some people believe we should never cut down any trees and yet you identified a forest that should include harvesting in its management plan. Write a one- to two-page non-technical newspaper article explaining why your analysis identified including harvesting in the management of this forest rather than it being left untouched. Ultimately, your article should convince the local community that this is the best decision for their forest.
Your PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:
Note: The ICM Contest has a 25-page limit. All aspects of your submission count toward the 25- page limit (Summary Sheet, Table of Contents, Reference List, and any Appendices). You must cite the sources for your ideas, images, and any other materials used in your report.
Glossary
Biosphere: parts of Earth where you can find life.
Carbon Sequestration: the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Forest Manager: an entity that controls and manages a forest and makes decisions about how it will be used. The Forest Manager may be an individual, government, corporation, or other public or private organization.
Forest Products: materials made from harvested wood, including, for example, furniture, lumber, plywood, paper, and wood pellets.
Greenhouse Gases: gases in the atmosphere that trap heat and warm the planet. Examples of these gases include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Harvesting (trees): the process of cutting down trees to be used as forest products.
Forest Management: the process of managing a forest to include determining what trees should be cut down, which trees should be left standing, a timeline for harvesting the trees, and how to regenerate the forest.
背景介绍
气候变化对我们所知的生命构成了巨大威胁。为了减轻气候变化的影响,我们必须采取强有力的措施,减少大气中的温室气体含量。仅仅减少温室气体排放是不够的。我们需要努力增加通过生物圈或机械手段从大气中螯合出来的二氧化碳存量。这个过程被称为碳封存。生物圈将二氧化碳封存在植物(尤其是树木等大型植物)、土壤和水环境中。因此,森林是任何减缓气候变化努力不可或缺的一部分。
森林将二氧化碳封存在有生命的植物中,以及用树木制造的产品中,包括家具、木材、胶合板、纸张和其他木制品。这些森林产品在其生命周期内固化二氧化碳。有些产品的寿命很短,而有些产品的寿命则可能超过树木的寿命。与完全不砍伐森林的固碳效益相比,一些林产品中的固碳量加上年轻森林重新生长所产生的固碳量,有可能随着时间的推移产生更多的固碳量。
在全球范围内,包括适当采伐在内的森林管理战略有利于碳固存。然而,过度采伐会限制碳固存。森林管理者必须在采伐所得森林产品的价值与让森林继续生长并作为活树固碳的价值之间找到平衡。在此过程中,他们必须考虑许多因素,如树龄和树种、地理、地形以及林产品的效益和寿命。
森林管理者关注的问题不仅限于碳封存和林产品。他们必须根据森林的多种价值来做出森林管理决策。这些可能包括但不限于潜在的碳封存、保护和生物多样性方面、娱乐用途和文化因素。
要求
国际碳管理 (ICM) 合作组织成立的目的是为世界各地的森林管理者提供指导,帮助他们了解如何利用和管理自己的森林。由于世界各地的森林构成、气候、人口、利益和价值观千差万别,因此不可能提供 "一刀切 "式的指导。
建立碳封存模型,以确定森林及其产品可望在一段时间内封存多少二氧化碳。您的模型应能确定哪种森林管理计划能最有效地封存二氧化碳。
考虑到森林的其他价值,固碳效果最好的森林管理计划不一定是对社会最好的计划。开发一个决策模型,让森林管理者了解森林的最佳利用方式。您的模型应能确定平衡森林各种价值(包括碳封存)的森林管理计划。为了更好地理解您的模型,请考虑以下一些问题以及您自己的问题:
您的 PDF 解决方案总页数不超过 25 页,其中应包括
注意:ICM 竞赛的页数限制为 25 页。您提交的所有内容(摘要表、目录、参考资料清单和任何附录)均计入 25 页的限制内。您必须注明报告中使用的观点、图片和任何其他材料的来源。
术语表
生物圈:地球上存在生命的部分。
碳封存:从大气中捕获并封存二氧化碳的过程。
森林管理者:控制和管理森林并决定如何使用森林的实体。森林管理者可以是个人、政府、公司或其他公共或私人组织。
林产品:用采伐的木材制成的材料,包括家具、木材、胶合板、纸张和木质颗粒等。
温室气体:大气中能捕获热量并使地球变暖的气体。这些气体包括二氧化碳、水蒸气、甲烷和一氧化二氮。
采伐(树木):砍伐树木以用作林产品的过程。
森林管理:管理森林的过程,包括确定哪些树木应该砍伐、哪些树木应该保留、砍伐树木的时间表以及如何使森林再生。
Background
Most of the world’s nations signed onto the United Nations’ Outer Space Treaty of 1967, agreeing that “exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind”[1]. The United Nations (UN) aims to promote global peace and reduce inequities. As the foundation of international space law, the Outer Space Treaty has provided the legal underpinnings for projects that have promoted multinational access to space, such as the International Space Station and the use of satellites to browse the Internet in even the most remote locations. But will this international promise of equity hold as humankind looks to harvesting space-based resources?
Consider the possibility of asteroid mining. There are many open questions about asteroid mining, such as whether it is technically feasible, whether the high initial cost is worth the benefit of what we might find and bring back to Earth, and whether it should be private companies, national governments, or international collaborations that fund these operations, do the mining, and/or receive the financial gains. These questions have yet to be answered, but for the purposes of this problem, let’s assume that asteroid mining is feasible at some point in the future and could allow humans to bring valuable minerals back to Earth relatively safely and at a cost that is financially worth the investment.
This problem asks your team to address the following overarching questions: What is global equity, and how will asteroid mining impact it? What are the factors that influence that impact, and how? And what policies could the United Nations propose to increase global equity in a future with asteroid mining?
Requirements
Specifically, to address the above questions, your team should consider the following guiding questions:
Your PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:
Note: The ICM Contest has a 25-page limit. All aspects of your submission count toward the 25- page limit (Summary Sheet, Table of Contents, Reference List, and any Appendices). You must cite the sources for your ideas, images, and any other materials used in your report.
References
[1] The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, of 27 January 1967, United Nations RES 2222 (XXI).
Glossary
Asteroid mining: the process of extracting minerals from asteroids for human use.
Equity: the quality of being fair. Unlike equality which promotes providing identical inputs (e.g., resources and opportunities), equity focuses on allocating those resources and opportunities in a way that supports a goal of similar outcomes
条约背景
世界上大多数国家都签署了联合国 1967 年的《外层空间条约》,同意 "探索和利用外层空间,包括月球和其他天体,应为所有国家的福利和利益而进行,不论其经济或科学发展程度如何,并应是全人类的事情"[1]。联合国(UN)的宗旨是促进全球和平,减少不平等现象。作为国际空间法的基础,《外层空间条约》为促进多国利用空间的项目提供了法律依据,如国际空间站和利用卫星在最偏远的地方浏览互联网。但是,当人类着眼于获取天基资源时,这种国际公平承诺还能成立吗?
考虑一下小行星采矿的可能性。关于小行星采矿,有许多悬而未决的问题,比如技术上是否可行,高昂的初始成本是否值得我们将可能发现的资源带回地球,是由私人公司、国家政府还是国际合作来资助这些行动、进行采矿和/或获得经济收益。这些问题还没有答案,但为了这个问题的目的,让我们假设小行星采矿在未来的某个时候是可行的,可以让人类以相对安全的方式将有价值的矿物带回地球,而且成本在经济上值得投资。
这个问题要求你的团队解决以下首要问题: 什么是全球公平?小行星采矿会对全球公平产生什么影响?影响这种影响的因素有哪些?在有小行星采矿的未来,联合国可以提出哪些政策来提高全球公平性?
要求
具体来说,为解决上述问题,你的团队应考虑以下指导性问题:
您的 PDF 解决方案总页数不超过 25 页,其中应包括
注意:ICM 竞赛的页数限制为 25 页。您提交的所有内容(摘要表、目录、参考资料清单和任何附录)都将计入 25 页的限制内。您必须注明报告中使用的创意、图片和任何其他材料的来源。
参考文献
[1] 《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》,1967 年 1 月 27 日,联合国 RES 2222 (XXI)。
术语表
小行星采矿:从小行星中提取矿物供人类使用的过程。
公平:公平的品质。与提倡提供相同投入(如资源和机会)的平等不同,公平侧重于以支持类似结果目标的方式分配这些资源和机会。